General Semantics

The ladder of abstractions

The widely held impression about our human words and thoughts is that they are based on the real world we are living in. In fact, both words and thoughts are based on a model of the world, the model one has inside ones head, see right. So it could be argued that anyone needs a good understanding of model-making, in order to have any possibility of understanding the real world.

The process of making this model is executed largely unconsciously, being run by the physiology of our sensory systems and the associated parts of the nervous system. The first step in understanding and harnessing it, is the realization that there is a difference between our words and thoughts and the world they stand for: the map is not the territory. Or in other terms: the realization that what we have in our head and what we are talking about are abstractions of the real world.

The way to getting this understanding is greatly helped by the already mentioned fact that everyone has this model of reality inside his head, so unconsciously everyone must know how it works, just like mathematics is in everyone’s head: a baseball player cannot hit a ball without internally calculating trajectories - even though consciously he may be absolutely ignorant about the mathematics of trajectories.

The first explicit and systematic representation of the concepts used when describing the building of these models, abstractions and their relations is originated by Alfred Korzybski in his book Science and Sanity. However, his treatment is a bit sophisticated for an introduction, so here we will adapt the version given by S.I. Hayakawa in Language in Thought and Action, and specifically the way Hayakawa describes the relations between abstractions: the ladder of abstractions.

To illustrate the working of these concepts, we will give a short introduction to Hayakawa's version, and then analyze what has been said in this introduction:

Introduction:
Hayakawa’s version starts with a real live animal, Bessie the cow. Bessie lives at a farm, together with a lot of other cows and animals.
End of introduction.

This simple two-line statement is already full of abstractions. Starting its analysis with the initial subject, this abstracting begins with the use of the word “Bessie”. In fact, being a real live animal, Bessie is made up of numerous components, that are in constant interaction through an even greater number of processes, leading to ever changing behavior of the entirety. All this diversity is called "Bessie", and by doing this, we have in fact dropped almost all detail of all of these components and processes. What we mean by “Bessie” is a limited number of visible, audible, and behavioral traits that are fairly constant, and will lead us to remember Bessie during intervals we are not in contact with her. This is the process of abstraction run by our sensory systems, and the associated basic interpretation schemes. This "Bessie"  is an object that occupies the meadow visible in the illustration above.

The second abstraction in the introductory section is the word “cow”. The visible, audible and behavioral traits that characterize the entity “Bessie”, also apply for a substantial part to some other entities, while they don’t apply to almost all others. Since these entities with common characteristics are of some importance to us humans, we have given this category of entities a name: "cow". Bessie is one example from this category. In the category “cow”, some of Bessie’s characteristics have been lost, that is: all of the characteristics that distinguish her from other cows (perhaps now you already can guess the value of the remark “All humans are unique”, to be discussed further on). With some imagination one can also visualize this category of  "cows" in the illustration above, as one of the things the occupants in the cubicles on the left side are busy with - the occupants/cubicles being the separate processes that constitute our higher thinking.

The next steps should now be fairly clear - they have been collected by Hayakawa in his archetypal version of the abstraction ladder, see the illustration alongside. First comes the collection of all animals living on the farm, gathered in the more general and abstract term “livestock”. Again many of the characteristics of Bessie are left out when characterizing her as “livestock”. Subsequent steps are “farm assets”, which takes out everything pertaining to her being alive, “assets”, which drops her bonds with the location, the farm, and finally “wealth”. The last one is also known as “money”, the level that many people think of as being the most or even only real one, and which in fact is the most unreal one, as the entire process of abstraction shows. The financial crisis of 2008 is a potent illustration of this - what seemed to be real, "money in the bank", vanished without a trace.

An important aspects of the relations between the different levels of abstraction is that they are many-to-one relations, as is illustrated in a more schematic diagram of the abstraction ladder that can be loaded by clicking on the picture on the right (cows etc. are represented by geometrical symbols). There are many other examples of “Bessie”, like “Clare” etc., inside the term “cow”, there are “horse”, “goat”, etc. inside “livestock”, and so on. The new abstractions are a kind of average of a number of entities at the previous level, just like “gas” describes a specific kind of average behavior of a lot of atoms. The difference is that in the process of abstraction, some properties are lost, which is compensated for by that also new properties may appear. The extra property of a "gas" above that of an "atom", appears when one cools the gas down: it turns into a liquid, and then a solid. The physical name for this phenomenon is "phase transition", a concept virtually unknown to any other science. The steps on the ladder of abstraction are in fact phase transitions, one of the reasons why general semantics is such a fruitful science: it contains an necessary element that the regular social sciences lack.

The important thing about the knowledge of the ladder of abstractions, now almost obvious,  is that what may be true as a rule between things at the same level of abstraction, almost certainly isn’t true when one changes the level of the entities in the rule. For example, going back to the farm one might formulate the rule that putting cow with cow (if the latter is a male specimen) leads to more cows. However, applying the rule to livestock or farm animals, will in general not lead to more farm animals, and in some unfortunate cases to less.

In the previous example, both elements of the rule were replaced by elements at the same abstraction level, and in this case one might see instances where the new rule works. In case one changes one of the elements in the rule to another abstraction level, while the others remain the same or go to a different level, the chances of the rule remaining valid get very slim indeed.

How basic these observations may seem, they are violated in almost every discussion on any political or cultural or philosophical subject. Even in plain practical live, people are for the most part completely unaware of these processes of abstraction. “What is red?” – “Red is a color” – “What is a color?”, may soon turn into an angry exchange of words that leads to nothing, because both parties are unaware of what they are doing. You can imagine what happens when one has this kind of discussion when it involves terms like “Chinese” or having similar racial content, “freedom” or other high level terms of politics, etc.

This website is also on political, cultural, and philosophical subjects. Here, an attempt is made to discuss these sensitive issues while being aware and observing the rules of the ladder of abstraction. A first small step was the use of the link symbols introduced on the home page, by having the direction of the arrows coincide more or less with the directions of the ladder of abstractions.

One of the results of applying the ladder of abstractions is that one can eliminate a lot of nonsense from the discussions on political, cultural, and philosophical matters. Remember the earlier mentioned statement “All humans are unique”. The knowledge of the abstraction ladder learns that this is an empty statement, until one answers the question “Unique to what (at what level of abstraction)?”. The statement has the same value as a commercial statement like: “Our lamp gives off 30 % more light”, which is senseless because it isn’t mentioned what the 30 % refers to. There may be some level at which humans are unique, but this is at the same level as the statement “All snowflakes are unique” is true. The latter is the result of serious research, and the variations are as least as beautiful as those in humans, see here . Uniqueness applies to everything at the proper level, so as a distinguishing property of humanity it has no value at all. And what applies to snowflakes: “In most practical circumstances snowflakes can be considered identical”, equally applies to all of these statements, i.e. including “All humans are unique”. Armed with this knowledge, this website will formulate rules on human behavior, thereby considering humans identical in a lot of practical circumstances.

This description of the ladder of abstractions is no more then a quick introduction, the given references contain more detail. Some steps are also worked out a little further here, starting with the elementary first step: The Abstraction of Observation .

The concept of the ladder of abstraction is in the original and much larger Dutch section of this website applied on higher level: the distinct scientific disciplines - an English introduction has been given here . This is very much in the vain of the original intention of Korzybski, whose intention, as stated in the introduction of Science and Sanity, was to improve the working of the human scientific disciplines to the level of the natural ones.

Go to General semantics list here , all articles here , site home here .